The Role of Leadership

With the increased level of competitiveness in the business world and high tempo of change at present, leading a change is currently a key leadership aptitude, and the capability for companies to discover, grow up, adjust, and change is becoming a key organisational ability. Transformational leaders are capable of identifying the need for key organisational transformation or change, and subsequently get employees concerned in carrying out the change. Through the use of a range of skills from other leadership concepts, transformational leaders are capable of leading & managing change projects of all extents.Transformational leaders are generally extremely good at selling their initiatives, building commanding support systems, organizing different professionals around decisive projects and be able keep them determined and also energized until when the transformation is over. These leaders recognize when to act; get things made; commence and complete the projects successfully; and bring positive results; Transformational leaders usual make things to happen. (Bassand and Avolio, 1999) The Role of LeadershipFor a company where the employees have faith in the capabilities of leaders, the employees look forwards to the leaders for several of aspects. Through radical changes times, the employees will anticipate efficient and reasonable planning, self-assured and effectual decision-making, and frequent, inclusive communication which are timely. In addition throughout these periods of change, the employees will observe leadership as encouraging, committed and concerned to their interests, whilst at the same moment identifying that hard decisions must be made.The best manner to sum up is that there should be an environment of trust among a leader and all employees of the organization or a team. The continuation of this trust and faith brings optimism for improved moments in the future, and this makes handle the radical change quite easier. (Bassand and Avolio, 1999) In or ganizations which are characterized by bad leadership, employees anticipate nothing positive from any change. In an environment of mistrust, employees find out that leaders will operate in indecipherable manners and in manners which do not appear to be for anyone's best concerns.Bad leadership implies a lack of hope that, if permitted to continue for a long time, results in such organizations becoming entirely non-functioning. Such an organization ought to tackle the practical effect of distasteful change, however more significantly, have to work under the burden of the employees who have lost hope, have no trust in the organization or in the capability of leaders in turning the organization about. Importance of leadership in the management of transformational changeprudent leadership previous to, through and following change implementation is the solution to attainment during the swamp. Regrettably, if a leader hasn’t created a track record of efficient leadership, at the ti me the leader will have difficulties during changes, it might be too late. If a leader is to manage transformational change successfully, a leader needs to be conscious that there are three distinctive period zones where transformational leadership is significant. We shall call these â€Å"Preparing for the Journey†, â€Å"Slogging through The Swamp†, and â€Å"after Arrival†.We shall examine more circumspectly at all of these. The Journey preparation We would be a mistaken to presume that the Journey preparation takes part only subsequent to the purpose has been defined or selected. When talking about the Journey preparation for change, it means that leading in a manner that lay the groundwork or foundation for any changes which may happen in future. Preparing is regards creating resources, through building strong organizations in the initial position.Much akin to healthy persons, who are well capable to deal with infection or illness than unhealthy persons, or ganizations which are strong in the initial position are better capable to cope with any change. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) A transformational leader will require to institute credibility and a impressive track record of efficient decision making, in order to create trust in his/her capability to find out what is needed in bringing the organization through. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) Slogging through the SwampA transformational leader plays a crucial role throughout the change implementation, the time from the when the change was announcement throughout the setting up of the change project. In this middle time the organization is in highly unbalanced, characterized with fear, confusion, reduced productivity, failure of direction, and absence of clarity regarding mandate and direction. This can be a time of emotions, with the employees mournful for what they lost, and at first incapable of looking to the prospect or future. (Kochan and Useem, 1992)During this time, effective transformati onal leaders require to put focus on two aspects. One; the confusion and feelings of the employees have to be recognized and confirmed. Two; the transformational leader ought to work with the employees to start crafting a new vision for the transformed organisation, and assisting employees to comprehend the future direction. Focusing barely on the feelings, might end in wallowing of employees. That is reason it is essential to start the transformation into the fresh approaches or situations.While, focusing just on the fresh vision might result in a perception that the transformational leader is not in touch, uncaring and cold. A core part of transformational leadership in this stage is to understand when to put focus on the pain of the organisation, and when to put focus on construction and getting into the future. (Kochan and Useem, 1992) After Arrival In a feeling change is never complete, thus in a way a leader will never arrive, however here, we are looking at the time when the early instability of enormous change has been able to be reduced.Employees at this time have now become less emotional, and thus more steady, and with efficient transformational leadership during the prior stages, are currently more open to looking in to new innovative directions, authorization and manners of performing things. This is the ideal moment for transformational leaders to commence positive new change, for example the BP transformational management change that Horton, initiated in BP in the 1990s.The crucial aspect here is that, transformational leaders should now provide hope and trust that an organization is running towards being better, through solving its problems and also improving the standards of the organisation and of employees’ work life. Whereas the fresh vision of an organization might have started whereas employees were trudging through the swamp, this is the moment to complete the progression, and also ensure that employees and all other stakeholders buy it, and comprehend their functions in this fresh organization. (Kochan and Useem, 1992)The Extent the process of change adopted by BP was consistent with theories of change management. Change in a work place is normally initiated by an organization in order to improve its service delivery. Change in management requires a thorough planning and responsive implementation, most of all, consultation need to done involving the people who are going to be affected by the planned changes. If change is forced to the people usually it brings problems. Galpin (1996) observes that, change has to be realistic, attainable and measurable, these factors are important especially when considering personal change in management.It has been observed that people change their ways because of being given statistics that change their way of thinking rather than the truth in the content. (Walton, 1995) In the case of BP, the management adopted change with resistance, and as stated in some theories for cha nge, human being are habitual creatures that will resist change even if it is good, a person don’t like changing the way he has been operating, this resistance is shown both in personal life and at place of work. Thus, as stated above it is a true person will require analysis of the issue to make him change.For example if when BP was undergoing the transformational change from traditional ways of management, a lot of questions were asked. The analysis will include, how successful is the change compared to the current ways of doing the activity, and what are the trend taking place. Also comparison has to be made in relation to other plays. If the analysis shows that the project if implemented will be successful then it is bound to get acknowledgement from the workers than if when the analysis shows that it may fail.Despite the fact that the, truth of the matter was different. The board of BP did not wait to realize the end results; this is may be due to the fact that the time frame of the transformation was to long while the board required faster outcomes. (Stoner and Freeman, 1992) Walton (1995) also says that change management implies that, employees need to feel that they are part of a process, thus, in bringing a change the people, the must be consulted and their suggestions sought.Stoner and Freeman (1992) observes that, In initiating the change ensure that it agrees with them, and that they understand the need of having the change, the people also need to chose how they will manage the change and in also should be involved in planning and also implementing the change. It is also important to use face to face way of communication in handling a sensitive issue. Thus, in the case of BP the management adopted changes on basis intellectual stimulation, through adopted the transformational process brought about by the Horton.According to this concept leaders stimulate the efforts of their employees through they innovativeness and also creativity, which w as adopted by BP Company. (Stoner and Freeman, 1992) Question two: the extent to which organizational culture may impede the process of change Organization culture is the manners in which activities are performed in an organization, the culture of an organization are guided by its values, beliefs, attitudes and experiences of an organization.Organization culture is a defined collection of norms and values that people and groups share in an organization, which directs the manner they interact with one another and with organization’s stakeholders. According to Schein (1992) concept, organizational culture is a model of shared fundamental assumption which an organization has leant in the process of solving its internal integration which has worked adequately well to be taken valid in order to be used to be taught to other new members of the organization.(Schein, 1992) Schein identifies three main aspects which are; †¢ Artefacts; evident organizational structures and procedu res †¢ Espoused values; these are goals objective and strategies of the organization †¢ Underlying assumptions; unconscious, assumed, thoughts beliefs perceptions and feelings (the eventual source of values and acts) Schein (1992) also points out that we have a deeper essential assumption that has a relationship with views of employees about the organization; that influence how employees feel and perceive the organization.(Bowditch and Buono (1990) states that; culture of an organization is dynamic and it is a continuous process. Leadership structure o an organization has a major position in defining organizational culture of an organization. Managers and founders of the organization play a significant role in as creators of culture of an organization. There are various aspects which decide the perception of the employees, these aspects includes how the organization treats its workforce, or how the management treats professional ethics or even the social relationship in or ganization, whether it is warm or cold.The organization climate created can help the organization achieve its goals and objectives or hinder it. Recent research reveals that management structure of an organization plays a significant function in defining the organizational climate in an organization. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) Culture has an enormous effect on success rate of change Bowditch and Buono (1990) states that the organization's culture has much to do with success rate of an organisation’s projects. This entails any change that the organisation will adopt whether managerial or technological.The expression culture in general means â€Å"how things are done. † visualizes where a person asks you how effectively your organization succeeds on projects. If you answer, â€Å"We’re very poor at projects delivery,† you’re just voicing a view of one feature of your organisation culture. Culture comes into participation on changes or projects in sev eral areas. Process orientation A lot of organizations have got good processes in position and employees normally follow them well. This is possibly the principal single issue in generally project success.When an organization adheres to a well, scalable project management practice, a leader is more possibly to be constantly successful on the projects he initiates. The whole project team usually knows how to formulate and pursue a work plan, and can also apply standard procedures to successfully manage risk, extent of change, and issues of change. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) However if the culture of the organization do not have a good processes then change procedures will not be followed and success may not be realized.Governance Numerous organizations have placed processes in position, although no one adheres to them. This underscores a difficulty with management control. In basic terms, governance of organisation entails the management role that has deals with ensuring people do wh at they’re ought to do. Usually, if the management arrangement is engaged and concerned in any projects, and if managers or leaders ensure that the project management procedure is well followed, a leader bring about change will be highly successful.But when each project manager is by his/her own and the management support is disorganized, though, a leader may try, he/she will fail. (Bowditch and Buono, 1990) Training Several organizations poorly train their project managers. Normally, such organizations have a poor training programme in genera even for other employees. When project managers in general do not have the correct skills, the transformational leader will not be successful. Organisation with poor culture on employee training will not be supportive to new changes. Roles and responsibilitiesBowditch and Buono, (1990) points out that, in a successful organization, employees usually know the function they ought to play on projects and also what is anticipated of them. T his comprises of active sponsors, concerned clients, and connected management stakeholders of organisation. The sponsors, for example, require carrying out a quality assurance functions and, being the project defender in his/her organization. Supposing an organization begins projects and then leaves a project manager in a leadership void, then, such a leader is not going to be constantly successful.Culture plays possibly the largest part in whether an organization will be successful in executing its projects. If an organization has difficulties completing their projects effectively and successfully, then, the organisation should not fault the project manager. A project manager only toils within an organisation culture which is not supporting their efforts. Managers, and even the head of the organizations, require stepping in and assess the project culture in organisation.Until an organisation culture changes for good, project managers will constantly struggle in being successful. (B owditch and Buono, 1990) Organizational structure can assist or harm project success To a lager extent, an organizational structure and culture can hinder, or assist support, the generally success of organisation projects. However, the organisational structure can be changed to some degree with time. Indeed, the management can change the organization chart regularly, and several companies do simply that. Culture, in contrast, is not easily to change.It takes many years for a big organization to build up a culture and thus it will take so many other years for such culture to be changed. A strong culture of an organization emphasis status-quo and any new ideas are not easily assimilated by employees or the management of such organisations. Conclusion As Tichy and Devanna (1986) states, transformational leaders are persons who through their own innovativeness, ability knowledge and imaginations and to influence the conduct of employees create circumstances for transforming.Thus, the ma nagement employees during the time when the organizational is going through transformation, is the critical substance of the progression of overseeing the transformation. The victorious management of this substance also comprises, (transactional) capabilities of the management, proper transformational abilities (inspirational motivation, idealized Influence, etc), and proper transformational attributes (creativity, team orientation, teaching).Organisation culture can also hinder or assist the change to take place and it’s very vital in determining how successful the transformation change will be. Hence, we conclude that qualities of transformational leadership and the organisational culture make the core of transformational management in an organisation and the means to successful running of transformational organization changes. Reference Bass, B. , M. and Avolio, B. , J (1999): (ed. ) Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership, Sage Publicati ons, Ltd., USA. Bowditch, J. , L and Buono, A. , F. (1990): A Primer on Organizational Behaviour, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Galpin, T. , J. (1996): The Human Side of Change: A Practical Guide to Organization Redesign, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, Kochan, T. and Useem, M. (1992) :(ed. ), Transforming Organizations, Oxford University Press, Inc. , New York, Lorenz, C (1990): ‘A drama behind Closed Doors That Paved the Way for a Corporate Metamorphosis’, Financial Times, (March 21), Parry, K. , W., (1996): Transformational Leadership: Developing an Enterprising Management Culture, Pitman Publishing, Pearson Professional Pty Ltd. , Melbourne, Australia, Schein, E. H. (1992): Organizational Culture and Leadership (2nd edition. ). San Francisco; Wiley & Sons Stoner, J. , A. and Freeman, R. , E. (1992): Management, Prentice Hall, Inc. , New Jersey, Tichy, N and Devanna, M. , A. (1986): The Transformational Leader, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , USA, Walton, A. , E. , (1995): (ed. ), Discontinuous Change: Leading Organizational Transformational, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco,

Ethnocentrism Hinders Effective Cross-Cultural Dialogue and Common Understanding Essay

As human beings, we are inherently biased in our judgment of issues and others- by others I mean those who do not belong in the same socio-cultural group we ascribe to. Our inborn predilection to take a subjective view of reality leads to the common-and equally incorrect- assumption that we are right in our ways, while ‘others’ are wrong in theirs. This tendency of biased notions of cultural superiority in relation to other cultures is what political scientist William G. Sumner (1906) summed up with the coinage of the term ‘ethnocentrism. ’ By definition, ethnocentrism is the tendency by individuals to believe, unconsciously and through false assumptions, that their culture is better than that of others. Notably, there is a running thread of collective concurrence among whites that ‘we westerners’, with our western civilization and attendant lifestyles, are superior to the backward races of Africa, which we conveniently label a jungle of savagery. The negative effects of ethnocentrism are manifest in international relations, where effective intercultural communication is hampered by cultural differences and culture transitional challenges (Moran, Harris and Moran, 2007, 265). Nonetheless, to avoid collective generalizations by claiming that it is ‘we westerners’ rather than ‘I, me and myself,’ who suffers this cultural prejudice- a claim by which I unwittingly admit my ethnocentric conditioning to include fellow tribesmen in my narrow worldview corner- I hereby set out to examine how I have severally paid homage to this populist bandwagon of cultural subjectivity in judgment. Finally, I will outline the course of remedy I have chartered to liberate myself from the blinding ignorance of ethnocentrism. Was it me, really, now that I’m thinking from a relatively wider perspective? Late last year, I accompanied a close friend of mine from Saudi Arabia (whom I will not disclose for the pang of guilt that gnaws at my conscience) to pick some forms from our embassy. Well, it seems that since September 11, a kind of phobia for our Muslim brothers has eaten into our national psych. At a personal level, I always change lanes every time I meet one donning a flowing white garb and†¦. err, an unusually long beard. Anyway, the security man at the embassy just ran the metal detector over my body and patted me on the back. But when it was my friend’s turn, the security guy, perhaps seeing Osama’s ghosts, took a deep breath and started what was the most rigorous personal search I had ever witnessed. He yanked the garb from the underside and ran the detector inch by inch, grinned with relief upon finding nothing (read bombs) and then allowed him to pass through. However, the issue here is not the security man’s exaggerated fears, but the fact that I took it as normal, without bothering to question why it wasn’t. The culture I grew up in had taught me to regard some religions as being synonymous with terrorism, and to dismiss others as pagan idolatry and pure superstition. In my evaluation of world religions, I’m often tempted to associate Islam with terrorism, a belief that is largely fed by media stereotyping in relation to incidences of suicide bombings. As for most traditional African religions, customs and rituals, I always found ‘evidence’ to dismiss them as the demonic chants of a pagan charlatan. Their polygamy I considered the ways of an uncivilized society that still harbors the wild caveman’s genes. On this score, my blindness was informed by the western glorification of the nuclear family unit, which greatly contrasts with other cultures’ recognition of the unifying aspect of extended families and kinship systems (Moran, Harris and Moran, 2007, 11). In regard to religious convictions, the only true Supreme Being I believed existed is the Christian God I worship, whom I assumed held in contempt the ungodly ways of unchristian religions. For such a long time, I erroneously believed that with the exception of Christians, all other believers are doomed for hell. This ethnic and cultural belief that the religion in which one belongs is centrally important (Andersen, 2006) is one of the sub-divisions that promote ethnocentrism. Personally, it was my honest conviction until I realized that every believer thinks likewise of other religions. Remarkable is my said friend’s vehement assertion that Jesse the son of Mary (Christ) was an imposter whose legend deceived people that he was the son of God. Instead, he argues that Mohamed is the true messenger of Allah, the creator of everything. Nonetheless, it will be a self-contradiction for me to consider my system of beliefs as not being the right one and the most appropriate. It is an inconsistence and admission of its falseness, which I consider the height of ideological hypocrisy. I recognize the reality that I belong to a particular culture; and the fact that to fit in my society I must conform to its cultural beliefs and value systems. However, to reconcile my cultural beliefs with other cultural worldviews, I find insight in the principle of cultural relativism by Franz Boas, who argued that â€Å"civilization is not something absolute, but is relative, and our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes† (Degler, 1992 p 67). Accordingly, people’s behaviors, customs and beliefs should be understood in the context of their cultures. When we use the lens of our cultures to understand other cultures, there is always the risk of prejudice and biasness. The problem of ethnocentrism leads to failure of constructive communication and misunderstandings, which in turn causes cultural differences and conflicts (Moran, Harris and Moran, 2007, p 4). Similarly, the theory of functionalism by Bronislaw Malinowski posits that cultures are systems of structures by which different societies function. Each society, therefore, has unique needs which can only be served by its own culture. As such, we can only understand the behavior of other cultures when we take that culture’s viewpoint, to avoid the misconceptions created by our experiences within our own culture. References Andersen, M. L. (2006). Sociology: understanding a diverse society. New York: Thomson/Wadsworth. Degler, C. N. (1992). In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. US: Oxford University Press. Moran, T. R. , Harris, P. R. , Moran, S. V. (2007). Managing cultural differences: global leadership strategies for the 21st century, 7th Edition. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann Sumner, W. G. (1906). â€Å"Folkways. † In McCann, C. R. (2004). Individualism and the social order: the social element in liberal thought. New York: Routledge.

Audit - 2577 Words

Fraud Auditing and Different type of fraud Introduction Over the years, the role of auditors become increasingly important especially in a capitalist economy as the process of wealth creation and political stability depends heavily upon confidence in processes of accountability and how well the expected roles are being fulfilled. An auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditing. The most frequently debated areas amongst auditors, politicians, media, regulators and the public is where the fraud is coming from and by whom. This disagreement has been especially tinted by the collapse of big corporations like Enron and†¦show more content†¦First, there is an incentive or pressure that provides a reason to commit fraud. Second, there is an opportunity for fraud to be perpetrated (e.g. absence of controls, ineffective controls, or the ability of management to override controls.) Third, the individuals committing the fraud possess an attitude that enables them to rationalize the fraud. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_99) As we know fraud is more likely to be committed by a single individual, without a prior history of fraud, who often raises a red flag because they are living beyond their means and are experiencing financial difficulties. The reasons for fraud are not always obvious to the business owner or even their attorneys. However, what is obvious is that it is often overlooked, ignored, and even undetected. An Analysis of the Fraud Triangle Abstract The concept of a â€Å"Fraud Triangle† is introduced to the professional literature in SAS No. 99, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit. The Fraud Triangle consists of three conditions generally present when fraud occurs: Incentive/Pressure, Opportunity, and Attitude/ Rationalizations. Input from forensic experts, academics and others consistently show that evaluation of information about fraud is enhanced when auditors evaluate in the context of these three conditions. To examine the impact of the fraud triangle on the audit process, this paper develops an evidentialShow MoreRelatedAudit Analysis : Audit And Audit1188 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the early days of independence the audit, audit methods are for the detailed audit approach which is using the accounting books of the audited entity to verify case by case basis, and for the purpose of exposing the wrong check fraud; With the expansion of enterprise scale and complex business activities, audit sampling appears that, according to accounting statements balance and accounting data sample extraction section, and then inferring the overall result of the review. ThisRead MoreAudit Methodology For A Audit Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesAudit methodology The audit methodology will be used as a step by step guideline that will be used by the auditors to keep track of their progress and enable them to ensure that quality standards are maintained during the auditing phase. 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This short paper will provide a brief review focus on whether agency theory provides a general framework for audit pricing majorly refer to the study by Nikkinen and Sahlstron (2004). Furthermore, this is short paper also try to make further discussion from personal perspective. Literature review The purpose of Nikkinen and Sahlstron (2004) study is to ‘investigate whether agency theory provides a general framework for audit pricing.’ ThroughRead MoreAudit Planning1594 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Audit Planning and reporting ï  ¬Auditing planning and reporting are two critical stages in whole audit Cycle. ï  ¬Audit planning is before beginning of field work and reporting is last Stage in bank audit ï  ¬Good planning leads to effective Reporting Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the desired activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning involves the creation and maintenance of a PLAN. As suchlt; planning isRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Audit1632 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment goes down, the rate of auditor litigation has increased. Lawsuits are a continuous threat to the auditing line of work. In this paper, we present evidence on lawsuits having a positive effect on auditors audit liabilities. It is the auditors’ responsibility to plan and complete the audit to obtain practical guarantee about if the financial statements are free of material misstatement or if they are caused by error or fraud. A mixture of court decisions and economic state of affairs has shaped

Definition and Examples of Helping Verbs in English

In English grammar, a helping verb is a  verb that comes before the main verb (or lexical verb) in a sentence. Together the helping verb and the main verb form a verb phrase.  (A helping verb is also known as an  auxiliary verb.) A helping verb always stands in front of a main verb. For example, in the sentence Shyla can ride her sisters bicycle, the helping verb can stands in front of  ride, which is the main verb. More than one helping verb can be used in a sentence. For example, in the sentence Shyla could  have  walked to school, there are two helping verbs: could  and have. Sometimes a word (such as not) separates the helping verb from the main verb. For example, in the sentence Shyla does not want a new bicycle,  the negative particle not comes between  the helping verb does and the main verb want. Helping Verbs in English am, is, arewas, werebe, been, beingdo, does, didhave, has, hadmay, can, must, mightshall, willshould, would, could Examples and Observations [Some]  helping verbs  (forms of have, be, and do) may also function as main verbs. In addition, nine  modal  verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) function only as  helping verbs. Have, be, and do change form to indicate tense; the nine modals do not, according to Writing That Works.   Donkey in Shrek We can stay up late, swapping manly stories. Ralph Waldo Emerson Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. Antoine de Saint-Exupà ©ry Life has taught us that love does not consist in gazing at each other, but in looking outward together in the same direction. Isaac Bashevis Singer A pigeon landed nearby. It hopped  on its little red feet and pecked into something that might have been a dirty piece of stale bread or dried mud. Stinky Pete I have always hated those upstart space toys. Functions of Helping Verbs According to the book, Basic Grammar and Usage, Helping verbs indicate shades of meaning that cannot be expressed by a main verb alone. Consider the differences in meaning in the following sentences, in which the helping verbs have been italicized: I may marry you soon.I must marry you soon.I should marry you soon.I can marry you soon. As you can see, changing the helping verb changes the meaning of the entire sentence. These differences in meaning could not be expressed simply by using the main verb, marry, alone. More Functions of Helping Verbs According to grammar expert C. Edward Good, Helping verbs...enable us to express various conditions: If he could type, he would write the next great American novel. Helping verbs help us express permission: You may go to the movie. Helping verbs help us express ones ability to do something: She can play golf extremely well. Helping verbs enable us to ask questions: Do you think he cares? Will he win the race? How to Use Helping Verbs to Change Active Voice to Passive Voice Susan J. Behrens explains in Grammar: A Pocket Guide, If the active sentence is in the past tense, then the full verb in the passive version will be as well: Monica groomed the poodle → The poodle was groomed by Monica. 1. Monica moves to the end of the sentence; add by, so prepositional phrase is by Monica.2. The poodle moves to the front into the subject slot.3. Helping verb be is added in front of the main verb.4. Past tense marker jumps off groomed and onto helping verb be.5. Helping verb agrees with new subject (third person singular) was.6. Main verb groomed converts to its past participle form groomed. Sources Behrens, Susan J. Grammar: A Pocket Guide. Routledge, 2010. Choy, Penelope and Dorothy Goldbart Clark. Basic Grammar and Usage. 7th ed, Thomson, 2006. Good, C. Edward, A Grammar Book for You and I—Oops, Me!  Capital Books, 2002. Oliu, Walter E., Charles T. Brusaw, and Gerald J. Alred.  Writing That Works: Communicating Effectively on the Job. 10th ed,  Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Singer, Isaac Bashevis. The Key. The New Yorker, 1970. Stinky Pete. Prospector in Toy Story 2, 1999.

Engish 125 - 2305 Words

Literary Comparison Jenna Sanders ENG125: Introduction to Literature (GSH1035D) Michelle Pinkard September 28,2010 People in all organizations and walks of life must have the ability to work in a team environment. Yet the world can not see that viewpoint sometimes, the idea that we all stand together in one fight. Thus creating conflict, the literary element I have chosen. Tuesday 9/11/01 by Lucille Clifton is the poem to represent the ongoing conflict of Man versus Society. In the last stanza of this poem it goes on to say â€Å" and God has blessed America to learn that no one is exempt the world is one all fear is one all life all death all one.†(Lucille Clifton; DiYanni, 2007) What happened to this country, and any other tragic case†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘It has no Future--but itself-- Its Infinite contain Its Past--enlightened to perceive New Periods--of Pain.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (DiYanni, 2007, pp. 931) Again I read, Anna Akhmatova from Requiem/Dedication wrote, â€Å" Such grief might make the mountains stoop, reverse the waters where they flow, but cannot burst these ponderous bolts that block us from the prison cells crowded with mortal woe†¦. For some the wind can freshly blow, for some the sunlight fade at ease, but we, made partners in our dread, hear but the grating of the keys and heavy-booted soldiers tread.† First things first, poetic significance of Requiem cannot be understood or appreciated without appreciation of the context in which the poems that make it up were created. Anna herself and unfortunately her family members, given the widely known paranoid horrors and excesses of the Stalinist regime, together with the fact that she had been recognized as an important poet during the czarist period (Russia) and had always refused to write optimistic verse that glorified Soviet accomplishments. Only few people withstood this era in Russia and lived to tell about it. The stanza aforementioned, ties in with suffering because her grief was enough to stand out in her creative poetry than even she probably realized and at the same time, in her moment of life and the lives her family and her friends were being taken, she had to conceal her attitudes and beliefs, her distinguished way of living life was gone before her eyes, andShow MoreRelatedContemporary Indonesian Phonology and Morphology: Some Evidence of Language Change and Innovations7902 Words   |  32 Pagesgap between the sound and the spelling, which is not typical of Indonesian. (62) a. bus [bis] or [bus] b. truk [trÄ•k] or [truk] c. plus [plÄ•s] or [plus] d. klub [klÄ•p] or [klap] The mass influx of Engish-based loanwords since the seventies has caused the use of Engish-based loanwords like sale take over the earlier existence of the possibly Dutch-based loanwords like obral. Tiket has taken over the position of karcis and dirigen is becoming less and less used and is replaced by konduktor

Geothermal Power Sustainable Thermal System

Question: Discuss about the Geothermal Power for Sustainable Thermal System. Answer: Introduction Bayer et al., (2013) stated that geothermal power is the power, which is produced by the geothermal energy. The technologies utilized for the geothermal power are dry stream power stations, binary cycle power stations as well as flash stream power stations. As of 2015, the capacity of the geothermal power is of amounts to 12.8 gigawatts (GW). This power is considered as sustainable renewable sources of energy as the removal of heat is small as evaluated with Earths heat content. Bertani (2012) argued that the interior of the earth is predictable to carry on very hot for billions of years, makes sure for limitless heat flow. Geothermal power plants are capturing heat as well as converting it into energy in electricity type. The below image demonstrates the basis of production of geothermal electric power and warm from the Earth. As there is a raise in a depth of Earth, the temperature also increases. Figure 1: Temperatures in the Earth (Source: Bayer et al., 2013, pp-451) Zarrouk and Moon (2014) discussed on the basic principles of this geothermal power are that heat will stream from the region, which is hotter than the region, which is cooler, but on no account the other way about. The earth captures the heat from the ray of the sun as well as stores it below the ground. With a couple of pipes, heat exchanger as well as a distribution system, it is easy to utilize the geothermal energy in most of the household's appliances. Conceptsof geothermal power generation system The low-temperature thresholds for generation of power are changing to advanced power generation technologies using fluids that heat at low temperature than water. Where the temperatures are inadequate to produce stream directly, a binary system approach is being used. Coskun, Bolatturk and Kanoglu (2014) reflected that in the non-volcanic regions, generations of power from geothermal resources are centred on the binary systems at lesser heat or expansion of Enhanced Geothermal System technologies (EGS) at the high temperature. According to Chamorro et al., (2012), currently the most widely recognized approach to capturing the energy from the geothermal resources is to tap it into actually happening hydrothermal convention system. Ghasemi et al., (2013) argued that in the particular system, the cooler water saturates the crust of the Earth, and afterward it is warmed up as well as rises to the surface. Once the warmed water is compelled to the surface, it is simple to capture the str eam as well as after that utilization it to make electric generators. Geothermal power plants are utilized to drill holes into the stone in order to capture stream. Technologies used in geothermal power generation Developed in the 1980s, the technology is being developed in the use of geothermal power plants through the globe in areas that consisted of lower resource temperatures (Stachel Wisniewski, 2015). The capability in order to utilize of lower temperature resources raises the number of the reservoirs that are used for a production of power. Bouncier et al., (2015) stated that there are three basic designs for the geothermal power plants, which are categorized as follows: Geothermal flash power plant: It generates power by using geothermal reservoirs of water that consist of temperature greater than 360 degrees Fahrenheit. Karlsdottir et al., (2015) opined that within this power plant, high-pressure separates stream from the water within stream separator when the pressure is dropped, and water is raised. The stream is delivered into a turbine and then it powers a generator. Any leftover water, as well as stream, are injected back to the reservoir and make it a sustainable resource (DiPippo, 2012). It is the most popular method to generate geothermal power. Figure 2: Geothermal flash power plant (Source: Karlsdottir et al., 2015, pp-507) Geothermal dry stream power plant: Buonocore et al., (2015) stated that it generates power by drawing stream from the underground resources. The stream is produced straightforwardly from the geothermal reservoir, and it is used to run the turbines, which control the generator. As there is no water, therefore the stream separator utilized in the flash is not required (Bertani, 2016). This power plant accounts for 50 percent installed geothermal capacity in Australia. The example for an underground resource for the stream is geysers. Figure 3: Geothermal dry stream power plant (Source: Buonocore et al., 2015, pp-479) Geothermal binary power plant: It generates power using water at a temperature of 225-360 degree Fahrenheit. Astolfi et al., (2014) opined that this power plant uses of geothermal water to heat up second liquid that simmers at low temperature. The exchange of heat divides the water from the working fluid while moving the heat energy. When the functioning fluid is vaporized, then the force of increasing vapor such as steam turns the turbine, which powers up the generator (Odum Zarrouk, 2015). After that, the geothermal water is re-injected into a congested loop and then it separates from a basis of groundwater with lowering the rate of emissions. Figure 4: Geothermal binary power plant (Source: Astolfi et al., 2014, pp-437) From the three used technologies for geothermal power generation, it is identified that the technological use of geothermal energy is electrical supply of power, sustainable power generation modes, power plants as well as heating and cooling. Pambudi et al., (2014) discussed that geothermal plants are very low planned as well as unplanned outage rates. The availability of the geothermal power is measured as some hours that a power plant is being accessible. It is kept in mind that the end goal is to deliver power partition by aggregate hours in a set of a time period, for the most part, a year of around 95 percent (Luo et al., 2014). It is then recognized that the geothermal power plants are accessible for an era of 95 percent of the time, taking into account the perceptions of the plant administrators. Advantages and disadvantages of available geothermal power technology Advantages of geothermal power technologies The following are advantages of geothermal power, which creates a protected environment, and it is exceptional sources of low-priced, easy, renewable as well as consistent power. Cost saving: Li et al., (2015) stated that the geothermal power is one of the renewable sources of energy. Due to a use of the current technologies, geothermal power engages low running cost, and it keeps 80 percent costs over the fossil fuels. No fuel is utilized for creation of power, and it does not need purchasing as well as transporting costs. No pollution: It is non-polluting, zero carbon as well as environmentally friendly. Guan, Hooman and Gurgenci (2016) discussed that due to renewable sources of energy, the power helps to reduce global warming as well as pollution. There is no consumption as well as a generation of by-products. It is not needy on the weather circumstances. Direct use of geothermal power: It is used directly. It is used for some of the purposes such as heating homes, cooking purposes. Alimonti and Soldo (2016) reflected on the statement that as it is directly used, therefore it is both cheaper as well as affordable. The initial investment is vertical but in the end with a huge saving of cost makes it functional. Less space and maintenance: Maintenance of the geothermal power plant is less. Geothermal heat pump systems are using 25 percent to 50 percent less electricity as conventional systems to heat or cool (Csanyi et al., 2010). It also requires a flexible design with less space for hardware is required. As geothermal power plants are not occupying much space, therefore it is used to protect the natural environment. Latest technological use: Due to technological advancement such as enhanced geothermal systems, it makes to have more resources exploitable as well as lowers the cost. Disadvantages of geothermal power technologies Location site issues: Only a few of the sites have the probable of geothermal energy. Most of the sites where the geothermal energy is being formed are distant from the cities. Therefore it requires consuming (Astolfi et al., 2014). Sometimes, it is lost due to long distance transmission of electricity. High installation cost: Installation of a cost of steam power plant is high. Guan, Hooman and Gurgenci (2016) opined that the installation of geothermal power system requires a certain amount of land for the system to be installed. Therefore, it makes impossible to implement geothermal systems for house owners within big cities. Csanyi et al., (2010) argued that there are no such guarantees that the quantity of energy that is formed will authenticate the capital spending as well as operational cost. Environmental issues: Sometimes, it releases harmful as well as poisonous gasses that escape through holes drilled during the construction (Ghasemi et al., 2013). The power plants are related to sulfur dioxide, silica emissions, as well as reservoirs, consists of toxic heavy metals. Sustainability issues: Odum and Zarrouk (2015) stated that reservoirs are exhausted if the liquid is being expelled speedier replaced. Efforts are given to infuse the liquid once again into the geothermal reservoir after the thermal energy is being used. The geothermal power is considered as sustainable if the reservoirs are aimed at efficiently. Stachel and Wisniewski (2015) opined that the bottom line is that geothermal power is regarded as environmentally friendly, reliable as well as sustainable. It makes the energy no-barrier but due to heavy installation cost, it may become a barrier sometimes. Research problems Geothermal power has some of the barriers which are required to overcome such as high temperature are concentrated in particular areas; it has lower capacity factor and site location issues. Coskun, Bolatturk and Kanoglu (2014) stated that due to those identified barriers, it gives negative impacts on the research and environment. The negative impacts are related to hot water as well as gasses released into the environment. Technological barriers lie in high exploitation, a high cost of investment for production of electricity as well as a risk of failure during exploitation. Ghasemi et al., (2013) argued that sometimes, regulation, as well as administrative procedures, is the obstacles that do not encourage application as well as diffusion of renewable energy. The main problems that are required to overcome are an improvement in resource assessment as well as forecasting, improvement in drilling technologies, system integration, and environmental impact mitigation. Bertani (2016) opined that further research is undertaken, technology advances are made as well as literature becomes available in the findings of the study might require reviewing as well as re-evaluate. In the research, where the gaps of the information are identified, they are noted, and recommendations are made for future study. Pambudi et al., (2014) argued that the problem with the generation of power is wastage of heat, which is excess stream are produced when transforming the geothermal energy to power. One of the solutions for this problem is environmental legislature assign restraints with an addition of cooling ponds near the extraction site. Li et al., (2015) reflected that the geothermal energy focuses on the current status of research on energy regards of different technologies. Goals and future prospects Geothermal power has played a potential part in moving Australia toward a more sustainable energy system. It is considered as one of the renewable energy advancements that provide consistent and additionally base load powers. Alimonti and Soldo (2016) opined that among three power plants, binary geothermal plants are utilized as an adaptable source of energy keeping in mind the end goal to adjust the variable supply of renewable resources. This kind of plant has the ability to incline generation up and also down different times every day, from 100 percent of nominal power down to least of 10 percent (DiPippo, 2012). In the future, in order to use of geothermal power, two of the emerging technologies need further development such as: Enhanced geothermal systems: Geothermal heat happens under the surface of the earth and the way to capture the heat within the dry areas is defined as enhanced geothermal systems. Csanyi et al., (2010) stated that this technology consists of challenges such as securing well commercial productivity, minimize cooling as well as water loss are required to overcome before it is viable. As this system offers a promise of worldwide distribution, therefore it is most potential for future use. Co-production of geothermal power within oil as well as gas wells: The lower temperature of geothermal energy is being resulting from a geothermal liquid that is originate at temperatures of 150 degrees. Buonocore et al., (2015) expressed that the geothermal resources are used for direct utilize applications, for example, warming of a building. In any case, it produces power through double cycle procedures of geothermal. Oil and gas segments are on the item, which represents to a huge capability of sources of this kind of geothermal energy. Coskun, Bolatturk and Kanoglu (2014) argued that in existing oil and in gas reservoirs, a huge measure of higher-temperature water is available that takes into consideration co-generation of geothermal power alongside the removal of oil as well as gas resources (Huddlestone-Holmes, 2014). In some of the cases, the misuse of the geothermal resources upgrades the oil and gas extraction. Convective or hydrothermal systems: The hydrothermal resources are raised when hot water is created in fractured rock at low to modest depths as an outcome of intrusion within the earths crust (Bertani, 2012). Hot molten rocks heat high temperature of hydrothermal resources. More than 9000 MW of the power is being generated from the conventional geothermal reservoirs. Zarrouk and Moon (2014) stated that the countries should have a possibility to produce 10,000 to 30,000 MW, excluding the hydrothermal systems are commercially demoralized for decades. Even its growth hampers by limited distribution worldwide. Conclusion It is concluded that the geothermal power minimizes the air pollution such as the new state of ability geothermal binary cycle plants are produced no air emissions. It is also seen that all the geothermal energy are the renewable sources of energy as the rate of extraction of heat from the earth does not exceed the rate at which the thermal reservoir it depends on upon is revitalized by the earths heat. It is recommended that improvement over enhanced geothermal system technologies is one of the prospects which become competitive, even untapped geothermal resources are developed. The paper reflects that the most common method to capture the energy from the geothermal sources is to tap into the hydrothermal system wherever the cooler water is heated up as well as rises to the surface. Some of the technological barriers lie in this research is high exploitation, a high cost of investment for production of electricity as well as a risk of failure during exploitation. References Alimonti, C., Soldo, E. (2016). Study of geothermal power generation from a very deep oil well with a wellbore heat exchanger.Renewable Energy,86, 292-301. Astolfi, M., Romano, M. C., Bombarda, P., Macchi, E. (2014). Binary ORC (Organic Rankine Cycles) power plants for the exploitation of mediumlow temperature geothermal sourcesPart B: Techno-economic optimization.Energy,66, 435-446. Bayer, P., Rybach, L., Blum, P., Brauchler, R. (2013). Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,26, 446-463. Bertani, R. (2012). Geothermal power generation in the world 20052010 update report.Geothermics,41, 1-29. Bertani, R. (2016). Geothermal power generation in the world 20102014 update report.Geothermics,60, 31-43. Buonocore, E., Vanoli, L., Carotenuto, A., Ulgiati, S. (2015). Integrating life cycle assessment and emergy synthesis for the evaluation of a dry steam geothermal power plant in Italy.Energy,86, 476-487. Chamorro, C. R., Mondjar, M. E., Ramos, R., Segovia, J. J., Martn, M. C., Villaman, M. A. (2012). World geothermal power production status: Energy, environmental and economic study of high enthalpy technologies.Energy,42(1), 10-18. Coskun, A., Bolatturk, A., Kanoglu, M. (2014). Thermodynamic and economic analysis and optimization of power cycles for a medium temperature geothermal resource.Energy Conversion and Management,78, 39-49. Csanyi, Ä ½., Kristof, V., Kusnir, S., Katin, M., Marci, M. (2010). Geothermal Energy.Intensive Programme Renewable Energy Sources May. DiPippo, R. (2012).Geothermal power plants: principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact. Butterworth-Heinemann. Ghasemi, H., Paci, M., Tizzanini, A., Mitsos, A. (2013). Modeling and optimization of a binary geothermal power plant.Energy,50, 412-428. Guan, Z., Hooman, K., Gurgenci, H. (2016). Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants.Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia, 333-349. Huddlestone-Holmes, C. (2014). Geothermal Energy in Australia. Karlsdttir, M. R., Plsson, . P., Plsson, H., Maya-Drysdale, L. (2015). Life cycle inventory of a flash geothermal combined heat and power plant located in Iceland.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,20(4), 503-519. Li, K., Bian, H., Liu, C., Zhang, D., Yang, Y. (2015). Comparison of geothermal with solar and wind power generation systems.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,42, 1464-1474. Luo, C., Lu, Z., Gong, Y., Ma, W. (2014). Thermodynamic parameter matching ability of geothermal flash-binary power system.Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,6(3), 033126. Odum, E. O., Zarrouk, S. (2015). Efficiency of Geothermal Binary Power Plants: a Worldwide Review Update.International Journal on Energy Conversion (IRECON),3(1), 17-26. Pambudi, N. A., Itoi, R., Jalilinasrabady, S., Jaelani, K. (2014). Exergy analysis and optimization of Dieng single-flash geothermal power plant.Energy Conversion and Management,78, 405-411. Stachel, A. A., Wiņºniewski, S. (2015). Influence of the type of working fluid in the lower cycle and superheated steam parameters in the upper cycle on effectiveness of operation of binary power plant.Archives of Thermodynamics,36(1), 111-123. Zarrouk, S. J., Moon, H. (2014). Efficiency of geothermal power plants: A worldwide review.Geothermics,51, 142-153.

Inflation Essays (1274 words) - Inflation, Deflation, Hyperinflation

Inflation ?INFLATION? Inflation, in economics, is used to describe an increase in the value of money; in relation to the goods and services it will buy. Inflation is the sustained rise in the aggregate level of prices measured by an index of the cost of various goods and services. Repetitive price increase cause the purchasing power of money and other financial assets with fixed values, creating serious economic uncertainty. Inflation results when actual economic pressures anticipation of future developments cause the demand for goods and services to exceed the supply available at existing prices or when available output is restricted by undecided productivity and marketplace constraints. Constant price increases were historically linked to wars, poor harvests, political upheavals, or other unique events. Examples of inflation have occurred throughout history, but detailed records are not available to measure trends before the Middle Ages. Economics historians have identified the 16th to early 17th centuries in Europe as a period of long-term inflation. Major changes occurred during the American Revolution, when prices in the U.S. rose an average of 8.5 percent per month, and during the French Revolution, when prices in France rose at a rate of 10 percent per month. Theses relatively brief events were followed by long periods of alternating international inflations and deflations linked to specific political and economic actions. The U.S. reported average annual price changes as follows: 1790 to 1815- up 3.3 % 1815 to 1850- down 2.3 % 1850 to 1873- up 5.3 % 1873 to 1896- down 1.8 % 1896 to 1920- up 4.2 % 1920 to 1934- down 3.9 % Consumer prices accelerated during the World War 11 era, rising at an average rate of 7.0% from 1940 to 1948, and then stabilizing from 1948 to 1965, when annual increases averaged only 1.6 percent. There is various kind of inflation. When upward trend of prices is gradual and irregular, averaging only a few percentage points each year, inflation is not considered a serious threat to economic and social progress. It may even stimulate economic activity: The illusion of personal income growth beyond actual productivity may encourage consumption; housing investment may increase in anticipation of future price appreciation; business investment in plants and equipment may accelerate as prices rise more rapidly than cost; and personal, business, and government borrowers realize that loans will be repaid with money that has potentially less purchasing power. A greater concern growing is chronic inflation. Chronic inflation tends to become permanent moving upward to even higher levels as economic distortions and negative expectations are brought on. To accommodate chronic inflation, normal economic activities are disrupted: Consumers buy goods and services to avoid even higher prices, real estate speculation increases; businesses concentrate on short-term investments; governments rapidly expand spending in anticipation of inflated revenues; and exporting nations suffer competitive trade disadvantages forcing them to turn to protectionism currency controls. In the extreme form, chronic price increases become hyperinflation, causing the entire system to break down. During a hyperinflation the growth of money and credit becomes explosive, destroying any links to real assets and forcing a trust on complex barter arrangements. As the governments try to pay for increased spending programs by rapidly expanding the money supply, the inflationary financing of budget deficits disrupts economic, social, and political stability. There are many causes of inflation. The demand -pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds existing supplies, forcing price increases and pulling up wages, materials, and operating and financing costs. Cost-push inflation occurs when prices rise to cover total expenses and preserve profit margins. A persistent cost-price spiral eventually develops as groups and institutions respond to each new round of increases. Deflation occurs when the spiral effects are reversed. To explain why the basic supply and demand elements change, economists have suggested three substantive theories: the available quantity of money; the aggregate level of incomes; and supply-side productivity and cost variables. Monetarists believe that changes in price levels reflect fluctuating volumes of money available, usually defined as currency and demand deposits. They argue that, to create stable prices, the money supply should increase at a stable rate matching with the economy's real output capacity. C ritics of this theory claim that changes in the money supply are a response to, rather than the cause of, price-level