Requisitos seguro mdico CHIP de bajo costo para nios

El Programa de Seguro de Salud para Nià ±os (CHIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es un seguro mà ©dico gratis o a bajo coste para nià ±os y adolescentes  cuyos ingresos familiares les impiden calificar para Medicaid por ser demasiado altos, pero carecen de medios econà ³micos para comprar un seguro mà ©dico adecuado. Recordar que por la ley ACA, que se conoce popularmente como Obamacare  se puede estar obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico y, si no se tiene, puede haber multas. Chip es una opcià ³n para cumplir con ese requisito cuando la compra de un seguro mà ©dico privado para cubrir a los nià ±os resulta muy caro para las familias.   Ademà ¡s, en algunos estados tambià ©n permite el acceso a embarazadas. Cuà ¡l es el requisito de edad para obtener CHIP Hay variaciones importantes entre estados, ya que cada uno establece sus reglas. Sin embargo, la regla general mà ¡s comà ºn es que la cobertura se extiende a los menores de 19 aà ±os de edad. Ademà ¡s, algunos estados incluyen la  cobertura de embarazadas sin importar su edad. Quià ©nes califican para CHIP segà ºn estatus migratorio Obviamente, califican los ciudadanos americanos. Pero para todos los que no lo son hay una divisià ³n entre los que califican y los que no. Califican Los  nià ±os y adolescentes  residentes permanentes legales que han cumplido cinco aà ±os con ese estatus, a menos que residan un estado que paga con su propio dinero el acceso a CHIP para estos inmigrantes y/o han aceptado dinero federal para expandir programas ya existentes.   En la actualidad los siguientes estados brindan CHIP a nià ±os sin tener que satisfacer el requisito de los 5 aà ±os de residencia permanente legal: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa,  Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana,Nebraska,  New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,  Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia y Wisconsin. Y tambià ©n Washington D.F. Asimismo, se exceptà ºan de esta regla de los cinco aà ±os los residentes que obtuvieron su green card por motivos humanitarios y los que sirven o han servido con honor en el Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos. En Tambià ©n califican los refugiados, asilados y otros migrantes humanitarios y, en  algunos estados, tambià ©n califican los migrantes en estatus PRUCOL.   No califican Los residentes permanentes cuya green card tiene menos de 5 aà ±os, excepto en los estados que sà ­ està ¡n amparados.Los turistasLos estudiantesLas personas con otras visas no inmigrantes, como de inversià ³n, intercambio o trabajoLos migrantes indocumentados Otros requisitos para CHIP En cada estado se pedirà ¡ cumplir con ciertos niveles de ingresos. Tambià ©n se mira la composicià ³n de la familia y, en algunos estados, se piden requerimientos de historial laboral o incluso un periodo de tiempo sin cobertura mà ©dica. Uno de los requisitos es el de ingresos econà ³micos. En este punto hay grandes diferencias entre estados pero por regla general puede decirse que: Para el caso de nià ±os y adolescentes la mayorà ­a de los estados piden ingresos inferiores al 200 por cien de lo seà ±alado cada aà ±o por el gobierno como là ­nea de la pobreza. Hay estados que cubren con ingresos inferiores al 300 por ciento e incluso los que brindan beneficios con ingresos mà ¡s altos.Para el caso de las embarazadas, por regla general se pide tener ingresos no superiores al 185 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza.   En la mayorà ­a de lo casos la persona a cargo del caso verificarà ¡ electrà ³nicamente que se cumplen los requisitos, por ejemplo, el nivel de ingresos. Sin embargo hay una excepcià ³n a esta regla y es que se deberà ¡ presentar prueba documental de que se cumplen los requisitos migratorios. Quà © beneficios pueden disfrutarse con CHIP Los nià ±os y adolescentes que cuenten con una tarjeta CHIP podrà ¡n gozar de atenciones mà ©dicas que varà ­an de estado a estado. Pero en general suelen estar incluidas las visitas regulares al mà ©dico, gastos de hospital, vacunas, anà ¡lisis de laboratorio, limpieza y empastes dentales y revisià ³n de la vista y espejuelos. Tambià ©n se incluyen los medicamentos dados con prescripcià ³n del doctor. Ademà ¡s de las variaciones en cobertura mà ©dica que se producen entre los estados puede ocurrir que, dentro de un mismo estado, los nià ±os tengan diferentes seguros mà ©dicos. La tarjeta de los menores contiene el nombre de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a proveedora de seguro y su nà ºmero de telà ©fono, para poder asà ­ saber con exactitud quà © cobertura tiene cada nià ±o. Con esos datos tambià ©n es posible averiguar quà © mà ©dicos aceptan ese seguro mà ©dico en la zona de residencia del chico. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar CHIP para los nià ±os y adolescentes Sus padres, tutores legales, abuelos o incluso hermanos mayores de edad, siempre y cuanto vivan con el menor al menos seis meses dentro del plazo de un aà ±o. En determinados casos los menores pueden aplicar directamente, como por ejemplo, cuando vivan solos. Aportacià ³n econà ³micade la familia para CHIP Las aportaciones familiares para colaborar con los gastos de este programa varà ­an segà ºn el estado de residencia,  de los recursos  econà ³micos y nà ºmero de miembros de la familia. Es muy comà ºn que haya que pagar una cantidad reducida en concepto de inscripcià ³n inicial.  Por ejemplo, en la actualidad en el estado de Texas el importe mà ¡ximo que se abona es de 50 dà ³lares. Ademà ¡s es posible que haya que abonar un co-pago cada vez que se utiliza el servicio. La cantidad varà ­a enormemente y puede ir desde los $2 a los $30. Tambià ©n es posible que resulte totalmente gratis. En todo caso nunca pasarà ¡ del 5 por ciento de los ingresos familiares por aà ±o. Asimismo, ciertos servicios son siempre gratuitos, como por ejemplo, las vacunas. Cà ³mo verificar si se cualifica y aplicar De 4  maneras es posible verificar y, en su caso aplicar, para CHIP. En primer lugar eligiendo estado en el que se vive en la pà ¡gina federal oficial de Medicaid. Se puede hacer haciendo bajar la flechita hasta encontrar el estado o haciendo click en el mapa. Se abrirà ¡ una pà ¡gina nueva con informacià ³n adicional, incluidos requisitos y cà ³mo aplicar. En segundo lugar, ingresando por internet a la pà ¡gina de Medicaid de cada estado En tercer lugar, en la pà ¡gina del Marketplace para seguros. En este caso, elegir estado introduciendo l zip code y hacer click en continuar. Despuà ©s elegir si se quiere una verificacià ³n de que se cumplen los requisitos o, si se sabe que sà ­, se puede proceder a aplicar. Y, en cuarto lugar, tambià ©n es posible realizar esta gestià ³n marcando gratuitamente al 1-800-318-2596. Quà © estados brindan mayor asistencia con CHIP En realidad 40 estados mà ¡s Washington D.C. de alguna forma han extendido el programa CHIP a mà ¡s inmigrantes que los que prevà © la ley federal, aunque hay muchas variaciones entre estados. Por ejemplo, en Massachusetts todos los nià ±os que cumplen los otros requisitos pueden tener acceso a CHIP, incluidos los indocumentados. Lo  mismo sucede en Illinois donde mà ¡s de 1.5 millones de nià ±os reciben beneficios a travà ©s del programa All Kids, que es como se le conoce en ese estado. Por otro lado, MinnesotaCare brinda cobertura a los residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±os y no pide entre sus requisitos que se haya cumplido 5 aà ±os como residente. Ademà ¡s, en California los muchachos con DACA aprobado menores de 21 aà ±os pueden tener acceso a Medi-Cal, si cumplen los otros requisitos. En el caso de ciegos o incapacitados no hay là ­mite de edad.   Esto significa que 10 estados sà ³lo cubren los casos bà ¡sicos. Estos son: Alabama, Carolina del Sur, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi y Missouri. Cà ³mo se le llama a CHIP en cada estado En cada estado este programa, que tiene fondos federales y estatales, recibe su propio nombre. Este es el listado Alabama: Alabama ALL kidsAlaska: Denali KidsCareArizona:  AHCCCS-KidsCareArkansas:  Arkansas Department of Human ServicesCalifornia: Healthy FamiliesColorado:  Child Health Plan Plus (CHP)Connecticut:  HUSKY ProgramDelaware:  Delaware Healthy Children ProgramFlorida:  Florida KidCareGeorgia:  Georgia PeachCare for KidsHawaii:  Med-QUEST DivisionIdaho:  Idaho CHIPIllinois:  Illinois All KidsIndiana:  Hoosier HealthwiseIowa:  Hawk-IKansas:  KanCare programKentucky:  Kentucky Childrens Health Insurance Program (KCHIP)Louisiana:  LaCHIPMaine:  CubCareMaryland:  Maryland Children’s Health Program (MCHIP)Massachusetts:  MassHealthMichigan:  MIChildMinnesota:  MinnesotaCareMississippi:  Health BenefitsMissouri:  MO HealthNetMontana:  Healthy Montana Kids PlusNebraska:  CHIPNevada:  Check UpNew Hampshire: CHIPNew Jersey:  FamilyCareNew Mexico:  New Mexi-KidsNew York:  Child Health PlusNorth Carolina:  Health ChoiceNorth Dakota: CHIPOhio:  Healthy FamiliesOklahoma:  SoonerCarePennsylvania: CHIPRhode Island:  Rite CareSouth Carolina:  Healthy ConnectionsSouth Dakota: CHIPTennessee:  CoverKidsTexas: CHIPUtah: CHIPVermont:  Dr DynasaurVirginia:  FAMISWashington: CHIPWashington D.C.: CHIPWest Virginia: CHIPWisconsin:  BadgerCare PlusWyoming:  Kid Care CHIP Beneficiados por CHIP En la actualidad mà ¡s de ocho millones de nià ±os y adolescentes  gozan de cobertura mà ©dica a travà ©s de CHIP, lo que representa un costo de mà ¡s de $13 billones. Aunque tanto los estados como el gobierno federal contribuyen con fondos, es mayor la proporcià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Por estados, California es, con 1,731,605 menores en este programa, el estado con mà ¡s beneficiados, seguido por Texas y Nueva York. Recursos prà ¡cticos Algunos estados brindan este tipo de proteccià ³n a travà ©s de una versià ³n extendida de Medicaid. Es el caso de Alaska, Hawaii, Carolina del Sur, Maryland, Vermont, Ohio, Nuevo Hampshire y Nuevo Mà ©xico, ademà ¡s de Washington D.C. y el territorio de Puerto Rico.  Es importante informarse y que los asistentes sociales indiquen cuà ¡l es la asistencia disponible segà ºn el caso. Se puede solicitar el ingreso en el programa CHIP en cualquier momento del aà ±o, si bien algunos estados piden que se lleve un tiempo determinado sin cobertura mà ©dica. Y, finalmente, estos son otros recursos a los que se podrà ­a tener derecho: cupones de alimentos tambià ©n conocido como SNAP, Medicaid, Wic para embarazadas e infantes, School Lunch o TANF, que es un programa de asistencia temporal a familias en situacià ³n de necesidad. Cuando se aplica por Medicaid o por CHIP se informa si se puede aplicar por otro programa de asistencia social. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Western Union Seeks East and Central African Market Free Essays

‘WESTERN UNION SHIFTING FOCUS TO TRANSACTIONS WITHIN AFRICA. ’ INTRODUCTION This article under review is taken from the outlook section of The EastAfrican newspaper as for the dates between 19th to the 25th September 2011. It is a QA article with Western union’s present regional director southern and East Africa, Karen Jordaan. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Union Seeks East and Central African Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was chosen in line with other online articles published two weeks prior that informed of the change in strategy being adopted by the global money transfer company in terms of their operations within the African continent. ARTICLE OVERVIEW With the ever growing number of immigrants standing at around 250 million globally with 30 million of these being from Africa and better still 19 million of them being migrations within Africa and with the ever growing number people moving within the East African region for leisure, business or seeking job opportunities, it was clear that the potential number of transactions within the region was increasing and Western union identifying this decides to apply their marketing mix in terms of place or location by changing their strategy by focusing on the East African region and the African continent as a whole. To cement their operation in the region, western union has taken to invest to train more agents to reach a wider population and enhance service delivery in the region. With over 23,000 locations in 50 African countries and only 3,600 of this being in the East African region, western union is facing a challenging ‘motor and brick’ situation where they have been unable to reach the 39 million Kenyans with most adopting informal ways of money transfer coupled with low penetration of mobile transfer in rural areas. The 700 locations in Kenya coupled with differing data as provided by the local government and international bodies has left western union without proper information of where to invest and that is why they are taking charge and repositioning themselves to grow in the regional market. Besides investing in their people to reach a wider population, they are also running promotions geared to stimulate local money transfer through their formal channels. Some of this are such as changes in pricing as seen in the charges if $1. for transactions between Kenya and Uganda aimed primarily at the foreign students learning there across the other east African region. Articles implication on the economy and general business environment. The move by western unions displays a lot of marketing characteristics that are bound to affect the economy positively. Western unions newly defined market or constituency of potential customers who are willing and able to engage in exchange will drive economic deve lopment up in terms of the pace of doing business due to western union agents offering more places to access their services. This can bring about more investment in the region with the three countries recording a strong balance of trade and balance of payment statements. The economy stands to benefit from the fact that a lot of unrecorded transactions or ‘black market economy transactions’ are avoided realizing a situation where the government is able to raise more money through proper taxation of all transacted amounts. The expansion of western unions outreach will prove to provide and facilitates   inter? ersonal   transactions,   it   could   improve   the   allocation   of   savings   across   households   and   businesses   by   deepening   the   person? to? person   credit   market. This   could   increase   the   average   return   to   capital,   thereby   producing   a   feed? back   to   the   level   of   saving and by   making   transfers   across   large   distances   trivially   cheap, western uni on could   improves   the   investment   in,   and   allocation   of,   human   capital   as   well   as   physical   investment. Households   may   be   more   likely   to   send   members   to   high? aying   jobs   in   distant   locations   (e. g. ,   the   capital),   either   on   a   permanent   or   temporary   basis,   and   to   invest   in   skills   that   are   likely   to   earn   a   return   in   such   places   but   not   necessarily   at   home. Electronic funds transfer as offered   could   bring a situation that affect   the   ability   of    individuals   to   share   risk. Informal   risk? sharing   networks   have   been   found   to   be   an   important,   although   not   fully   effective,   means   by   which   individuals   spread   risk,   making   state? ontingent   transfers   among   group   members. By   expanding   the   geographic   reach   of   these   networks,   western union   may   allow   more   efficient   risk   sharing,   although   the   risk? reducing benefits   might   be   mitigated   due   to   issues   of   observability   and   moral   hazard   when   parties   are   separated   by   large  distances. Risk? related effect arises if western union facilitates timely transfer  of small amounts of money. Instead of waiting for conditions to worsen   to evels   that   cause   long   term   damage,   western unions money transfer  might  enable   support   networks to   keep   negative   shocks   manageable. For example a   household   head   with   access   to   money transfer   who   suffers   a   mild   health   shock   might receive   a   small   amount   of   money   via any western union agen t   that   allows   him   to   keep   his   children   in   school. If   this   money   was   delayed,   or   the   sender   waited   until   the   recipient   Ã¢â‚¬Å"really   needed   it†,   the   children   might   have   quit   school,   the   effects   of   which   may   be   hard   to   reverse. Money received through such electronic channels as western union might and   could most likely   conceivably   alter   bargaining   power   and   weaken   incentives   within   households   or   other   networks. Economically   weaker   family   members   might   expect   larger   and   more   regular   remittances   from   better? off   city? dwelling   relatives,   who   themselves   might   find   it   hard   to   justify   not   sending   money   home. This   could   weaken   incentives   for   rural   household   members   to   work   or   innovate,   offsetting   some   of   the   efficiency? nhancing   benefits   of   improved   geographic   labor   allocation   and   risk   sharing. Money received by certain households   could   have   the   effect   of   empowering members   who   have   traditionally   had   less   bargainin g   power,   in   particular   women. Especially   among   poorer   segments   of   the   population,   remittances   and   transfers   received   (and   sent)   via   western union are   less   visible   than   those   transmitted   by   other   means,   such   as Delivery by a friend or relative. Granted   this   information   advantage,   recipients   could   be   in   a   position   to   keep   more   of   the   funds   they   receive. Evidence   suggesting   the   spending patterns   of   women   and   men   differ   then   implies   that   the   advent   of   western union along other electronic fund transfers   could   have   real   effects   on  the   allocation   of   household    Spending. Articles implication on the market competitiveness. The article address the strong link between marketing and strategy whereby in the marketing strategic mapping of western union, after defining their marketing objectives they carried out a SWOT analysis of their current structure realizing that the potential of the growing east African market is only hindered by the lack of agents within the region. It is this that led them to the need to build competitive marketing strategies that involves segmenting, targeting and positioning themselves closer to their target market. Western union strategy has been seen to change its marketing mix within the region interms of price, place, promotion and its people (agents) though retaining most of its product offering and process. The case analysis its presence in the east African region and business position across its countries of operation though not highlighting much of its distinct competences and competitive advantage with its rival companies such as money gram and the new threat that has been brought about by mobile money transfer systems such as m-pesa and tangaza that have a close to 49% penetration rate due to the high adoption of mobile phones across the region over the last nine years. Western unions improved agent presence is a threat for moneygram which is still operating locally through banking and financial institutions as agents and with increased presence has the distinct advantage of eating into the market share of moneygram due to better presence that is key in such a service driven industry. Presence means access to more people within more regional blocks meaning more transactional volumes for the organization. In terms of whether or not it will be able to able to make a dent on a hold a share of the mobile money transfer market is a question of wait and see. This is due to the fact that the regions for penetration have not being clearly addressed to weigh such factors as to the access of mobile phones and subsequent mobile money transfer penetration, though western union distinct advantage over the regions mobile transfer market is that it can transact across boarder within the east African and central African region unlike m-pesa and the like which have had long standing operational battles on their limitations with central bank and other formal banking institutions, though all in all westerns union change of strategy to better serve the region will bring along with it changes in marketing tactics for established and potential new operators in the money transfer industry. How to cite Western Union Seeks East and Central African Market, Papers

Non-Compliance and Confidentiality Disease

Question: Discuss about the Non-Compliance and ConfidentialityforDisease. Answer: Introduction Difference Between Refusal of Treatment and non-Compliance Refusal is the act of declining to do something or to accept something, while treatment is the management of a certain disease. According to the Mosbys medical dictionary, refusal of treatment is the total decline of the patient to the treatment after physician has clearly informed of the patients diagnosis, prognosis, risks as well as risk associated with the outcome of no intervention (Evans, 2012). Noncompliance is the refusal or the failure by a certain party to comply with set guidelines. According to the North American nursing diagnosis association, the term noncompliance in nursing diagnosis is the behavior of a patient or the nurse which fails to coincide with the health promoting or a therapeutic plan that is agreed upon by the patient and the health professional who is offering the treatment (Taddio, 2012). According to my opinion, refusal of treatment and noncompliance are completely different terms in nursing. Refusal to treatment is the total decline of treatment by the patient which is after they are informed of the risks by the medical profession. On the other hand noncompliance is just the failure in the part of the patient to follow the guidelines such as fails to take drugs as directed daily by the physician. The patient fails to take one day because they are not fully informed or has some psychiatrist problems. Appropriate Course of Action for Each In the case of refusal to treatment, the medical PR actioner should advice the patient to seek medical attention in another medical Centre since the patient has been fully advised and the PR actioner has evaluated for cases of mental problems and the patient has tested mentally okay. In the case of noncompliance the PR actioner should evaluate the insight reasons for the patients noncompliance, then educate the patient thoroughly. Since it may because of the some illiteracy or financial problems, not as compared to refusal that is complete decline. References Evans, N. B. C. M. A. A. E. H. I. H. R. P. R. G. M. a. p. P., 2012. A critical review of advance directives in Germany: attitudes, use and healthcare professionals compliance.. Patient education and counseling,, pp. 87(3), pp.277-288.. Taddio, A. I. M. T. S. J. A. P. C. S. S. S. J. S. D. a. K. J., 2012. Survey of the prevalence of immunization non-compliance due to needle fears in children and adults.. Vaccine,, pp. 30(32), pp.4807-4812..

Prevention of Medication Errors in Diabetic Patients in Home Health Services

Calvin Coolidge essays

Calvin Coolidge essays Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the United States during the 1920s. He served in the white house for six years. He had no real dramatic accomplishments during his time as president. But he did lower taxes and debt in the US and kept the economy strong, growing, and stable. In 1920 when he was vice president and Warren G. Harding was president, Coolidge received word on Aug. 2, 1923 at 2:47 a.m. that president Harding had died. He left moments later to take up his duties as president. He was not well respected by Congress or his cabinet until he started prosecuting scandals that worked in the white house for the Harding Admin. But thanks to his integrity and self possession, he retrieved public confidence in the white house. In 1924 he was elected for as president, beating his opponents John W. Davis (Democrat), and Robert M. La Follette (Progressive). Coolidge was now well respected and received proper credit for the economic upturn. But 1924 was a sad year for Coolidge because in July his younger son, Calvin Jr., died of blood poisoning. During his second tern he was fairly successful at getting what he wanted. His main achievements were reducing the national debt and reducing income taxes for more consumer spending, which made businesses and people happy. Some of his other measures were growth and expansion of civil and military aviation, expansion of the services of the departments of Agriculture and Commerce, regulation of radio broadcasting, development of waterway, flood control, and encouragement of cooperative solutions to farm problems. Most of his time was absorbed by trying to achieve world peace. But his journey was unsuccessful and unsteady. As an admin., Coolidge was most successful. He demanded and got efficient and economical performance in government operations. Coolidge declined to run for reelection. He retired in 1929 to Northampton, where he occupie ...

Legal and Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal and Ethical Issues - Essay Example Therefore, social and medical workers direct all their efforts on decreasing level of smoking among elderly people (Gardner, 2002). In the UK only 1 in 10 general healthcare staff disagreed with a smoking ban in health-care centres for elder people (Gardner, 2002). It means that the great interest of medical staff is focused on the decrease of the level of smokers in health care centres (Gardner, 2002). Some elderly people have a long-term â€Å"habit† of smoking. Thus once an old person loses a beloved spouse, he may start smoking again even if he gave it up earlier. Smoking can destroy the health of smokers and non-smokers around them. The latter breathe in cigarette smoke. Mass media has propagated a tolerant attitude to smoking for a long time being driven by commercial triggers (Chiva&Stears, 2001). The issue is even more complicated if it refers to elderly smokers in a care setting. Some elderly people suffer from numerous diseases and it is relevant to inform them about health hazards caused by smoking. It is quite clear that smoking is a trigger of cancer, lung diseases and many other illnesses (Chiva&Stears, 2001). Thus, it is relevant to find a solution to this problem from legal and ethical perspectives. Ethical issues There are four basic ethical principles: respect for person, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Elderly people who undergo treatment in health care settings should be treated in accordance with these ethical principles. For example, a principle of respect for person is reflected if smokers are aware of the fact that their smoking violates health protection of people around them. On the other hand, freedoms of smokers should not be violated (a principle of autonomy works here); public intrusion of non-smoking policy into personal choices of smokers etc. These issues can be complicated by many other considerations: elderly people have a long-term â€Å"habit† of smoking. Therefore older people endanger thei r relatives or people around them and expose people in a care setting to second-hand smoke. A controversial ethical dilemma occurs: whether to ban or not to ban smoking to old person? It is a violation of smoker’s freedom, is not it? First of all, a smoker is a citizen. He should not feel that their freedoms are restricted. Smoking is not an illegal practice. Of course, there is no doubt that good of the public should not be sacrificed in the name of a smoker’s satisfaction. Legal issues If to consider smoking from the perspective of smoking as a personal choice of a smoker, then smoking ban should be considered from legal and ethical perspectives. In accordance with the American Medical Association Code, â€Å"Health professionals are under obligation to put the patients first, regardless of economic status or physical condition. Each profession within the health care field has adopted its own code of conduct† (Gardner, 2002).. With regard to an elder patient o f health care setting in case he cannot make decisions himself, it is relevant to take control over his mental capacity. In case, â€Å"a decision should be made for them, that decision must be made in that person’s best interests. You must also consider whether there is another way of making the decision which might not affect the person’s rights and freedom of action  as much (known as  the â€Å"least restrictive alternative principle†

Summarize 3 economic articles Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarize 3 economic articles - Article Example The researchers aim at showing that quality changes do not result in immediate demand response in regulated industries. This phenomenon has been attributed to imperfect information and sticky behavior among consumers due to familiar or personal habits. These sluggish behaviors imply that it would take some time before full realization of potential demand. To prove this hypothesis, the researchers conduct an analysis using a quantitative Hotelling framework in a market that has two exogenously located providers with horizontally and vertically differentiated products. The researchers also use a differential-game approach in providing open-loop and feedback solutions. Indeed, the findings defy the static relationship indicating that an elastic relationship exists between quality and demand, instead indicating a negative relationship between quality and potential demand due to decrease in marginal profit gain in quality. Firms should therefore adopt long term investment plans and provid e lower monetary incentives to attain first-best quality status as opposed to making quality changes at each point of product development. The researchers’ choice of regulated industries, specifically education and health sectors of the economy has been informed by the fact that these have quality as major drivers of competitive demand. This article sheds light in the wake of rankings of institutions where even with improved competition on quality, demand would not respond. The paper fails to give any future indications of increased demand due to improved quality. Li, W, Mengistae, T & Xu, LC 2011, ‘Diagnosing development bottlenecks: China and India’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 722 – 752. This article appreciates that in 1980, both China and India were at par economically, being the world’s most populous countries and very poor. India ranked better in its income per capita with its citizens earning averagely $2 .38 per day which was about $1 more than what an average Chinese earned. While India undertook economic liberalization until 1991, China gradually adopted economic reforms. By 2000, China had its daily income per capita averaging at $7.30 while that of India averaged $4.71. The researchers in this article seek to demystify the factors that led to performance gap between these two countries. Being an analysis of only two countries, the researchers used firm-level data to examine cross-sectional and temporal variations linking firm productivity, an important contributor to income per capita, to business environment at city level such as access to finance, regulation burden, labor regulation, infrastructure and skills. The firm-level data was collected from the 2003 World Bank Investment Climate Surveys covering 2,400 Chinese enterprises from 18 cities distributes across 15 provinces and 1,860 Indian manufacturing establishments from 40 industrial cities. The findings show that firms i n China are generally larger by size, value or number of employees, employ more skilled labor and have more flexible labor markets. The poor infrastructure that India has compared to China makes it significantly lag behind economically. However, Indian firms have better access to short-term bank financing though this factor minimally affects productivity in both countries. The uncertainty in regulation is also lower in India. The researchers recommend that India relaxes its labor market regulations, invest in infrastructure and